Adaptive transit design: Optimizing fixed and demand responsive multi-modal transportation via continuous approximation

In most cities, transit consists solely of fixed-route transportation, whence the inherent limited Quality Service for travellers in suburban areas and during off-peak periods. On other hand, completely replacing (FR) with demand-responsive (DR) would imply a huge operational cost. It is still unclear how to integrate DR transportation into current systems take full advantage it. We propose Continuous Approximation model system that gets best from transportation. Our allows deciding whether deploy FR or feeder, each sub-region an urban conurbation time day, redesign line frequencies stop spacing main trunk service. Since such design can adapt spatial temporal variation demand, we call it Adaptive Transit. Numerical results show that, respect conventional transit, Transit significantly improves user-related cost, by drastically reducing access Such benefits are particularly remarkable suburbs. Moreover, generalized including agency user also reduced. These findings confirmed scenarios automated vehicles. assist planning future-generation systems, able improve mobility appropriately combining fixed